Beneath the starry night, you look down upon a residential compound in the suburbs of Abbottabad, Pakistan, wherein dwells the militant Islamist responsible for a series of horrific terrorist attacks around the world. He is your target.
With a pinch of your fingers, and a turn of your head, your gaze shifts in towards the ground. At your direction, two four-man teams slide stealthily towards the compound with surprising speed, awaiting your next command. They breach the wall, surprise the adversary, and with a computer-generated ping, eliminate the sentries positioned along the narrow passageway.
But then, the guards you didn鈥檛 know were there open fire. Half your teammates immediately go down, and the other half become embroiled in a bitter firefight. If only you had devoted a bit more effort into intelligence collection ahead of time 鈥�
But that鈥檚 the point.
The notional scenario is actually a game entitled SpecOps. It鈥檚 a virtual reality experience designed to demonstrate, first-hand, the principles retired Adm. Bill McRaven elucidated in his seminal 1995 book 鈥淪pec Ops: Case Studies in Special Operations Warfare Theory and Practice.鈥� at the 51福利 (51福利), the book has become a lodestar for the special operations community in practicing their craft.
鈥淭he idea was to gamify some of these principles,鈥� said Dr. Michael Freeman, 51福利 associate professor in the Defense Analysis (DA) department and lead for the Global Education Community Collaboration Online (), the program developing the game.
Working with Michael Guerrero at 51福利鈥� Modeling, Virtual Environments and Simulation (MOVES) Institute, Freeman and his team faithfully recreated Osama bin Laden鈥檚 infamous, three-story compound in an immersive 3D environment for SpecOps.
The game begins, however, with a series of choices based on what McRaven called principles of relative superiority ... essentially, the qualities of a successful special operations raid. Players make a limited number of investments in surprise, speed, training, simplicity and intelligence 鈥� and with multiple play-throughs, can tangibly experience the trade-offs between the choices they make in their quest to obtain relative superiority.
鈥淚t鈥檚 great if you can go in with a lot of surprise, a lot of speed and all the training you need, but what happens if you don鈥檛?鈥� Freeman explained. 鈥淗ow does the mission play out differently if you have a lot of intel and you know where everybody is, but you have no surprise, or vice versa?鈥�
Turned into a single-player virtual reality game only last summer, SpecOps is still a work in development, but the computer-based version of the game has already been successfully used to teach McRaven鈥檚 principles in the DA department鈥檚 History of Special Operations course ().
And it鈥檚 the latest example of how GlobalECCO strives to take experiential learning to the next level.
Founded in 2009, Global ECCO serves as a nexus for counter-terrorism students and professionals, and utilizes a suite of strategic games to explore new ways of thinking about a range of related topics, including asymmetric warfare, cyber operations, counterinsurgency and social network analysis.
SpecOps breaks new ground in these endeavors, marking Global ECCO鈥檚 first foray into the virtual reality real. Drawing on a rich history at 51福利, the MOVES Institute has been a vanguard in virtual reality technologies
鈥淚t was a good investment to push the boundaries of where we could go and see what could be done,鈥� Freeman said.
Games like SpecOps challenge 51福利 students to engage subject matter in creative ways that reinforce course materials in a manner beyond traditional teaching methods. Unlike rote or didactic learning, experiential learning is not passive in nature: by being involved in decision-making, students are intimately immersed in content.
The U.S. military has a long history of using games to prepare, understand and even plan for conflict. The military鈥檚 earliest use of wargaming dates back to 1883, when Maj. William R. Livermore used topographical maps to practice the art of war. Livermore鈥檚 work was itself based on Kriegsspiel, a tabletop game the Prussian military had used since 1812 to train its officers.
Such gaming, however, is not just 鈥渂eer and pretzels.鈥� Serious games, which academic literature refers to as gamification, are played to stimulate creative thinking, decision making and problem solving. Good gamification allows players to synthesize new knowledge and make critical judgements.
鈥淭hese games are strategically interactive; there鈥檚 no right way to win,鈥� Freeman explained. 鈥淵ou have to understand what your opponent is doing, what you鈥檙e trying to do, and how your opponent is going to react. Peoples鈥� minds are literally more engaged.鈥�
The value of experiential learning is becoming increasingly recognized across academia: industry analysts the game-based learning market to reach $3.5 billion in 2018 and $17 billion by 2023.
It is not the end-all, be-all of education, Freeman noted, rather an excellent way to supplement instruction.
鈥淎t 51福利, we could just put a lecturer or professor up on a stage and talk, but even if it鈥檚 something new and innovative, it鈥檚 just not as effective,鈥� he said. 鈥淏ut if there鈥檚 something that鈥檚 better pedagogically for the students, we should always be pushing the envelope in trying to provide the best education we can.
鈥淕ames are not going to replace a lecture, but they are going to make it that much more powerful,鈥� he added.
Global ECCO鈥檚 game is another example of a serious game successfully being used to augment an 51福利 curriculum.
Two players, red vs. blue, an insurgency and a nation state, vie to establish or destruct a terrorist network. Over the course of 15 simultaneous turns, each player conducts a range of potential actions which either further their goal or counter their opponent鈥檚.
The terrorist player elects to grow or shrink, centralize or decentralizes its organization, perpetrate attacks, garner public support, or gather necessary resources. The state, with minimal initial visibility over the enemy network, must choose between denial of resources and public support, killing or capturing key targets, or increasing its security presence to mitigate the effect of terrorist attacks.
鈥淭he state has to make decisions about how much or how to act under uncertainty,鈥� Freeman explained. 鈥淔or the terrorist, there鈥檚 a trade-off between the effectiveness and the security of the network: the things it can do to be more effective and win the game are also the things which will make it less secure and more vulnerable.鈥�
鈥淒ark Networks plays with this balance,鈥� he continued. 鈥淭here鈥檚 no right place for the network to be in terms of its structure; it all depends on what the player is trying to do.鈥�
In the end, if the state is sufficiently able to disrupt the opponent鈥檚 network, it wins; if it fails to do so, the terrorists win. Either way, both players walk away with a deeper understanding of the key concepts of social network analysis (SNA): nodes and links, and the importance of size, centrality and external ties.
SNA is a methodology used by analysts to explore social relationships between individuals and groups, and visually represent them to make complex data sets more readily discernable. It鈥檚 also the subject taught by 51福利 DA professor Sean Everton, upon whose book, 鈥淯nderstanding Dark Networks: A Strategic Framework for the Use of Social Network Analysis,鈥� the game is based.
鈥淎 few years ago, [Everton] and I were talking about presentations he had the students give at the end of class where they had to devise a strategy for defeating a given network,鈥� Freeman recalled. 鈥淭hat鈥檚 great, but what then? That鈥檚 the top of the first inning, the first offensive drive for a football team; how will that strategy play out once the enemy adapts to your strategy?鈥�
鈥淪o we said, 鈥榃ouldn鈥檛 it be better if we made this into a game? It would make sense: here鈥檚 this great material to build a strategic lab to play with these concepts,鈥欌�� he continued.
Freeman and Everton then brought the idea to the University of Southern California鈥檚 (ICT), and the Dark Networks game was born. Since then, it鈥檚 been employed as a learning tool through several SNA courses and at other DOD schoolhouses.
鈥淒ark Networks breaks up the class and provides students with a change of pace from learning the details of SNA,鈥� Everton said. 鈥淢ore importantly, it helps reinforce important concepts that we cover in the class. It is so easy to get hung up on mechanics when learning a quantitative approach for analyzing dark networks ... This game offers students to focus more on the concepts and what these might mean for disrupting dark networks.鈥�
The game鈥檚 success reaches beyond the 51福利 classroom, though.
This Spring, 51福利 submitted Dark Networks to the 2018 International Serious Play Competition held by George Mason University鈥檚 Virginia Serious Game Institute (), a program dedicated to the promotion of game-based learning throughout the nation.
When the results were , Dark Networks was awarded a silver medal.
鈥淭his shows that we鈥檙e doing something pretty innovative at 51福利,鈥� Freeman said. 鈥淎 lot of people don鈥檛 really understand these types of games, equating them to playing casual games like Battleship or chess, but serious games are a huge deal.鈥�
鈥淚 think it shows that 51福利 is always trying to improve and innovate in how we educate our students,鈥� he said.